Geophysics : Introduction
Geophysics, a major branch of the Earth sciences and a sub discipline of
Physics, is the study of the Earth by quantitative physical
methods, especially by seismic, electromagnetic, and radioactivity methods. As
the name implies, geophysics involves the application of physical theories and
measurements to discover the properties of the earth. Geophysics is the term
used to describe the study of the Earth's surface, core, geological levels and
anything impacting the planet such as gravity, electric and magnetic forces.
Geophysics is applied to societal needs, such as mineral resources, mitigation
of natural hazards and environmental protection. Career fields in geophysics
include working in magnetics, seismology and geodesy.
Although geophysics was only recognized as a separate discipline in the
19th century, its origin dates back to ancient history. Many geophysical
phenomena such as earth's magnetic field and earthquakes have been
investigated since the ancient era. The first magnetic compass and use of
geophysics for navigation, exploration dates back to ancient period.
Geophysicists study the structure, composition and the physical aspects of the earth and its
atmosphere and apply scientific principles in order to solve problems. These
scientists use geophysical methods to study the Earth and its composition,
including its atmosphere, internal make-up, oceans, electrical and other
fields. Geophysicists, involved in field investigation; measure, examine,
and explore the physical properties of earth, from below the ground to the
atmosphere or from the depths of the ocean to the top of the volcanoes.
Geophysicists are involved in environmental studies, archaeological
excavations, water resource management, forensic investigations, the Earth's
climate, and the causes and prediction of natural phenomena such as
earthquakes, volcanic activity, landslides and tsunamis. Geophysicists
examine the physical aspects of earth with the help of radar, dynamite,
computers, magnetometers and gravimeters.
Geophysics being an interdisciplinary field, apply the
principles and concepts of physics, mathematics, geology and engineering to
the study of the physical characteristics of the Earth and other planets.
Exploration for coal, petroleum, minerals and water, concern about the
environment, and the disposal of hazardous waste are just a few of the
challenging areas which will require the skills of trained geophysicists.
Geophysics can be divided into two broad categories (i) whole earth
geophysics, and (ii) applied geophysics. Whole earth geophysics or global
geophysics involves the study of physical processes spanning the entire earth
such as those associated with plate tectonics, earthquakes and the earth’s
magnetic field. Applied geophysics involves the application of geophysical
principles and methods for locating subsurface petroleum, mineral deposits,
and water supplies, the investigation of subsurface structures etc.
Geophysicists may specialize their study in areas like the Earth's magnetic
and gravitational fields, planetary movement and seismic activity.
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