Forensic Science : Job Prospects & Career Options
Job Prospects
They can find employment with law enforcement agencies, police, legal
system and in the investigative services of the government and also private
agencies. They can also work as teachers in institutes that conduct courses
in this subject.
Opportunities for forensic scientists exist in government organisations
such as the Intelligence Bureau (IB), the Central Bureau of Investigation
(CBI) and as investigative officers in the crime cells of state police
forces. Forensic experts essentially work in forensic labs and sometimes
even in large private detective agencies to establish the link between
the criminal and the crime.
Career Options
There are variety of options for forensic professionals. They can specialise
in subjects as varied as medicine, engineering, fingerprinting, insect
study, languages, geology etc.
Crime Scene Investigation: Scene investigation involves issues
such as security, prevention of contamination, locating and collecting
relevant items of evidence, interpretation of evidence and possible reconstruction
of the event. Scenes can range from a relatively simple house break to
a fire in a multi-storey building or a city bombing.
Qualification required: Diploma in Forensic Investigation or Degree in
Forensic Investigation or Degree in Analytical Chemistry.
Forensic Pathology/ Medicine: Forensic pathologists determine
the time and cause of death in cases of suspected murder or suicide. This
involves post mortem examinations of deaths reported to determine the
cause and the manner of death. (i.e. sudden and unexpected deaths or deaths
due to accident or injury, suicide or homicide).
Qualification required: Medical degree (MBBS) with M.D or appropriate
post-graduate qualifications in Forensic Science.
Forensic Anthropology: Forensic anthropologists use their knowledge
of human skeletal anatomy to assist in the identification of skeletal
remains. They are called to identify individuals murdered or killed in
disasters such as plane crashes, explosions, fires and other tragedies
resulting in the loss of life and mutilation of bodies. They may also
be able to discover the age, sex, ancestry, stature, and unique features
of the deceased.
Qualification required: A Ph.D in anthropology with an emphasis
on the study of human osteology and anatomy or a Medical degree (MBBS)
with appropriate post-graduate qualifications.
Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry: Psychiatry and psychology
are concerned with whether a mental state may be a mitigating circumstance
in the commission of an alleged crime, whether a person is mentally fit
to stand trial and treating those convicted of crimes who are mentally
ill. A forensic psychologist is any psychologist who by virtue of training
or experience may assist a court or other fact finder in arriving at a
just or correct decision.
Forensic psychologists or psychiatrists may be called on to evaluate a
murder scene to suggest a possible psychological profile of the killer.
Qualification required: Medical degree (MBBS) with appropriate post-graduate
qualifications
Forensic Dentistry (Odontology): It is a branch of dentistry which
deals with the collection, evaluation and proper handling of dental evidence
in order to assist law enforcement officers and in civil & criminal
proceedings. The role of the odontologist is to identify bodies and skeletal
remains from dental records, reconstruct faces from skulls and where possible,
interpret bite marks.
Qualification required: Degree in Dentistry, Post Graduate Diploma of
Forensic Odontology.
Clinical Forensic Medicine: Those involved in clinical forensic
medicine amongst other things, examine victims of crime and suspects who
may have sustained an injury while allegedly committing a crime. They
give interpretations of their findings such as the possible causes and
timing of the injuries.
Qualification required: Medical degree (MB BS) with appropriate post-graduate
qualifications
Forensic Entomology: Forensic entomology is the application of
the study of insects and other arthropods to legal issues. The time of
death, for example, can be determined using insect evidence gathered from
and around a corpse.
Forensic Serology: Forensic serology is the study of blood groups,
blood, and other bodily fluids for identification purposes following a
crime. Forensic serologists also carry out DNA fingerprinting, which offers
the possibility of positive identification of an individual from samples
of blood or semen.
Forensic Chemist: Areas of work includes the detection and identification
of illicit drugs, accelerants used in arson cases, explosive and gunshot
residues, trace evidence, including paint, glass, polymers and fibres.
Qualification required: Science degree with a major in analytical, applied
or forensic chemistry.
Dactyloscopy: Dactyloscopy is the scientific study of fingerprints.
Fingerprints is perhaps the most well known of the forensic sciences.
It also involves the identification of fingerprints and their ability
to categorically link suspects to or exclude suspects from a crime scene.
Forensic linguists: Forensic linguists analyse the content of
written or oral communication to identify who is speaking and indicate
the speaker's intent, and can determine whether two communications are
from the same person. This is obviously important in cases of kidnapping.
Ballistics: Ballistics is the study of the flight paths of projectiles,
but modern ballistics now includes the study of everything to do with
firearms. It also involves the determination of the angle and distance
a gun was fired from to hit a specific target.
Qualification required: Science degree with a major in a relevant discipline,
Diploma in forensic investigation, Degree in forensic investigation.
Toxicology: Toxicology involves the detection and identification
of illicit and pharmaceutical drugs and poisons, interpreting toxicity
levels and the effects on the functions of the body.
Qualification required: Science degree with a major in chemistry or biochemistry.
Forensic Engineer: Deals with traffic accidents, fire investigations,
and a variety of wrongful injury cases. Engineers are involved in
failure analysis, accident reconstruction, causes and origins of fires
or explosions, quality evaluation of construction or manufacturing
etc.
Qualification required: An Engineering degree with post-graduate qualifications
in Forensic Engineering.
Photography : A crime scene must be photographed from every
angle clearly to show detail, with the emphasis on accurately recording
the size and distance of objects.
Forensic artists & sculptors: Forensic artists can draw a
likeness of a person based solely on eyewitness accounts. Modern techniques
of computer animation are now starting to be used to show evidence or
expert testimony to courts. Forensic sculptors can reconstruct faces,
usually in modelling clay or on a computer from skulls or other fragments.
The expertise may enable the police to find out who a person was when
no other clues are available.
Cytology: Bullet cytology is a new subject which makes it possible
to determine which part of the body a bullet went through by the tissue
which is left on the bullet.
Geology: Forensic geologists can determine such things as where
the suspect or victim walked by examining soil samples taken from their
shoes or feet.
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