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All India Engineering/ Architecture Entrance Examination (AIEEE)
: Syllabus - Chemistry
SECTION A
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
Some Basic Concepts in Chemistry :
Matter and its nature, Dalton’s atomic theory; Concept of atom,
molecule, element and compound; Physical quantities and their measurements
in Chemistry, precision and accuracy, significant figures, S.I. Units,
dimensional analysis; Laws of chemical combination; Atomic and molecular
masses, mole concept, molar mass, percentage composition, empirical and
molecular formulae; Chemical equations and stoichiometry.
States of Matter :
Classification of matter into solid, liquid and gaseous states.
Gaseous State:
Measurable properties of gases; Gas laws - Boyle’s law, Charle’s
law, Graham’s law of diffusion, Avogadro’s law, Dalton’s
law of partial pressure; Concept of Absolute scale of temperature; Ideal
gas equation, Kinetic theory of gases (only postulates); Concept of average,
root mean square and most probable velocities; Real gases, deviation from
Ideal behaviour, compressibility factor, van der Waals equation, liquefaction
of gases, critical constants.
Liquid State:
Properties of liquids - vapour pressure, viscosity and surface tension
and effect of temperature on them (qualitative treatment only).
Solid State:
Classification of solids: molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids,
amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea); Bragg’s Law
and its applications; Unit cell and lattices, packing in solids (fcc,
bcc and hcp lattices), voids, calculations involving unit cell parameters,
imperfection in solids; Electrical, magnetic and dielectric properties.
Atomic Structures :
Discovery of sub-atomic particles (electron, proton and neutron); Thomson
and Rutherford atomic models and their limitations; Nature of electromagnetic
radiation, photoelectric effect; Spectrum of hydrogen atom, Bohr model
of hydrogen atom - its postulates, derivation of the relations for energy
of the electron and radii of the different orbits, limitations of Bohr’s
model; Dual nature of matter, de-Broglie’s relationship, Heisenberg
uncertainty principle. Elementary ideas of quantum mechanics, quantum
mechanical model of atom, its important features, * and *2, concept of
atomic orbitals as one electron wave functions; Variation of * and * 2
with r for 1s and 2s orbitals; various quantum numbers (principal, angular
momentum and magnetic quantum numbers) and their significance; shapes
of s, p and d - orbitals, electron spin and spin quantum number; Rules
for filling electrons in orbitals – aufbau principle, Pauli’s
exclusion principle and Hund’s rule, electronic configuration of
elements, extra stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals.
Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure :
Kossel - Lewis approach to chemical bond formation, concept of ionic and
covalent bonds.
Ionic Bonding: Formation of ionic bonds, factors affecting the formation
of ionic bonds; calculation of lattice enthalpy.
Covalent Bonding: Concept of electronegativity, Fajan’s
rule, dipole moment; Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory
and shapes of simple molecules.
Quantum mechanical approach to covalent bonding: Valence
bond theory - Its important features, concept of hybridization involving
s, p and d orbitals; Resonance.
Molecular Orbital Theory - Its important features, LCAOs,
types of molecular orbitals (bonding, antibonding), sigma and pi-bonds,
molecular orbital electronic configurations of homonuclear diatomic molecules,
concept of bond order, bond length and bond energy.
Elementary idea of metallic bonding. Hydrogen bonding and its applications.
Chemical Thermodynamics :
Fundamentals of thermodynamics: System and surroundings, extensive and
intensive properties, state functions, types of processes.
First law of thermodynamics - Concept of work, heat internal
energy and enthalpy, heat capacity, molar heat capacity; Hess’s
law of constant heat summation; Enthalpies of bond dissociation, combustion,
formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, hydration, ionization
and solution.
Second law of thermodynamics- Spontaneity of processes;
DS of the universe and DG of the system as criteria for spontaneity, DGo
(Standard Gibbs energy change) and equilibrium constant.
Solutions :
Different methods for expressing concentration of solution - molality,
molarity, mole fraction, percentage (by volume and mass both), vapour
pressure of solutions and Raoult’s Law - Ideal and non-ideal solutions,
vapour pressure - composition, plots for ideal and non-ideal solutions;
Colligative properties of dilute solutions - relative lowering of vapour
pressure, depression of freezing point, elevation of boiling point and
osmotic pressure; Determination of molecular mass using colligative properties;
Abnormal value of molar mass, van’t Hoff factor and its significance.
Equilibrium :
Meaning of equilibrium, concept of dynamic equilibrium.
Equilibria involving physical processes: Solid -liquid, liquid - gas and
solid - gas equilibria, Henry’s law, general characterics of equilibrium
involving physical processes.
Equilibria involving chemical processes: Law of chemical equilibrium,
equilibrium constants (Kp and Kc) and their significance, significance
of DG and DGo in chemical equilibria, factors affecting equilibrium concentration,
pressure, temperature, effect of catalyst; Le Chatelier’s principle.
Ionic equilibrium: Weak and strong electrolytes, ionization of electrolytes,
various concepts of acids and bases (Arrhenius, Br?nsted - Lowry and Lewis)
and their ionization, acid - base equilibria (including multistage ionization)
and ionization constants, ionization of water, pH scale, common ion effect,
hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions, solubility of sparingly
soluble salts and solubility products, buffer solutions.
Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry :
Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation
number, rules for assigning oxidation number, balancing of redox reactions.
Eectrolytic and metallic conduction, conductance in electrolytic solutions,
specific and molar conductivities and their variation with concentration:
Kohlrausch’s law and its applications.
Electrochemical cells - Electrolytic and Galvanic cells, different types
of electrodes, electrode potentials including standard electrode potential,
half - cell and cell reactions, emf of a Galvanic cell and its measurement;
Nernst equation and its applications; Relationship between cell potential
and Gibbs’ energy change; Dry cell and lead accumulator; Fuel cells;
Corrosion and its prevention.
Chemical Kinetics :
Rate of a chemical reaction, factors affecting the rate of reactions:
concentration, temperature, pressure and catalyst; elementary and complex
reactions, order and molecularity of reactions, rate law, rate constant
and its units, differential and integral forms of zero and first order
reactions, their characteristics and half - lives, effect of temperature
on rate of reactions - Arrhenius theory, activation energy and its calculation,
collision theory of bimolecular gaseous reactions (no derivation).
Surface Chemistry
Adsorption- Physisorption and chemisorption and their
characteristics, factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids - Freundlich
and Langmuir adsorption isotherms, adsorption from solutions.
Catalysis - Homogeneous and heterogeneous, activity and
selectivity of solid catalysts, enzyme catalysis and its mechanism.
Colloidal state - distinction among true solutions, colloids
and suspensions, classification of colloids - lyophilic, lyophobic; multi
molecular, macromolecular and associated colloids (micelles), preparation
and properties of colloids - Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis,
dialysis, coagulation and flocculation; Emulsions and their characteristics.
SECTION B
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties :
Modem periodic law and present form of the periodic table, s, p, d and
f block elements, periodic trends in properties of elementsatomic
and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valence,
oxidation states and chemical reactivity.
General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Metals :
Modes of occurrence of elements in nature, minerals, ores; steps involved
in the extraction of metals - concentration, reduction (chemical. and
electrolytic methods) and refining with special reference to the extraction
of Al, Cu, Zn and Fe; Thermodynamic and electrochemical principles involved
in the extraction of metals.
Hydrogen
Position of hydrogen in periodic table, isotopes, preparation, properties
and uses of hydrogen; Physical and chemical properties of water and heavy
water; Structure, preparation, reactions and uses of hydrogen peroxide;
Classification of hydrides - ionic, covalent and interstitial; Hydrogen
as a fuel.
S- Block Elements (Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals)
Group - 1 and 2 Elements
General introduction, electronic configuration and general trends in physical
and chemical properties of elements, anomalous properties of the first
element of each group, diagonal relationships.
Preparation and properties of some important compounds - sodium carbonate,
sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide and sodium hydrogen carbonate; Industrial
uses of lime, limestone, Plaster of Paris and cement; Biological significance
of Na, K, Mg and Ca.
P- Block Elements
Group - 13 to Group 18 Elements
General Introduction: Electronic configuration and general
trends in physical and chemical properties of elements across the periods
and down the groups; unique behaviour of the first element in each group.
Groupwise study of the p – block elements
Group - 13
Preparation, properties and uses of boron and aluminium; Structure, properties
and uses of borax, boric acid, diborane, boron trifluoride, aluminium
chloride and alums.
Group - 14
Tendency for catenation; Structure, properties and uses of allotropes
and oxides of carbon, silicon tetrachloride, silicates, zeolites and silicones.
Group - 15
Properties and uses of nitrogen and phosphorus; Allotrophic forms of phosphorus;
Preparation, properties, structure and uses of ammonia, nitric acid, phosphine
and phosphorus halides, (PCl3, PCl5); Structures of oxides and oxoacids
of nitrogen and phosphorus.
Group - 16
Preparation, properties, structures and uses of dioxygen and ozone; Allotropic
forms of sulphur; Preparation, properties, structures and uses of sulphur
dioxide, sulphuric acid (including its industrial preparation); Structures
of oxoacids of sulphur.
Group - 17
Preparation, properties and uses of chlorine and hydrochloric acid; Trends
in the acidic nature of hydrogen halides; Structures of Interhalogen compounds
and oxides and oxoacids of halogens.
Group -18
Occurrence and uses of noble gases; Structures of fluorides and oxides
of xenon.
d - and f- Block Elements
Transition Elements
General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics,
general trends in properties of the first row transition elements - physical
properties, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, atomic radii, colour,
catalytic behaviour, magnetic properties, complex formation, interstitial
compounds, alloy formation; Preparation, properties and uses of K2Cr2O7
and KMnO4.
Inner Transition Elements
Lanthanoids - Electronic configuration, oxidation states,
chemical reactivity and lanthanoid contraction.
Actinoids - Electronic configuration and oxidation states.
Co-Ordination Compounds
Introduction to co-ordination compounds, Werner’s theory; ligands,
co-ordination number, denticity, chelation; IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear
co-ordination compounds, isomerism; Bonding-Valence bond approach and
basic ideas of Crystal field theory, colour and magnetic properties; Importance
of co-ordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals
and in biological systems).
Environmental Chemistry
Environmental pollution - Atmospheric, water and soil.
Atmospheric pollution - Tropospheric and stratospheric
Tropospheric pollutants - Gaseous pollutants: Oxides
of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur, hydrocarbons; their sources, harmful
effects and prevention; Green house effect and Global warming; Acid rain;
Particulate pollutants: Smoke, dust, smog, fumes, mist;
their sources, harmful effects and prevention.
Stratospheric pollution- Formation and breakdown of ozone,
depletion of ozone layer - its mechanism and effects.
Water Pollution - Major pollutants such as, pathogens,
organic wastes and chemical pollutants; their harmful effects and prevention.
Soil pollution - Major pollutants such as: Pesticides
(insecticides,. herbicides and fungicides), their harmful effects and
prevention.
Strategies to control environmental pollution.
SECTION -C
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Purification and Characterisation of Organic Compounds
Purification - Crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential
extraction and chromatography - principles and their applications.
Qualitative analysis - Detection of nitrogen, sulphur,
phosphorus and halogens.
Quantitative analysis (basic principles only) - Estimation
of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens, sulphur, phosphorus.
Calculations of empirical formulae and molecular formulae; Numerical problems
in organic quantitative analysis.
Some Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry
Tetravalency of carbon; Shapes of simple molecules - hybridization (s
and p); Classification of organic compounds based on functional groups:
- C = C - , - C ? C - and those containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen
and sulphur; Homologous series; Isomerism - structural and stereoisomerism.
Nomenclature (Trivial and IUPAC)
Covalent bond fission - Homolytic and heterolytic: free
radicals, carbocations and carbanions; stability of carbocations and free
radicals, electrophiles and nucleophiles.
Electronic displacement in a covalent bond - Inductive effect, electromeric
effect, resonance and hyperconjugation.
Common types of organic reactions - Substitution, addition,
elimination and rearrangement.
Hydrocarbons
Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation,
properties and reactions.
Alkanes - Conformations: Sawhorse and Newman projections
(of ethane); Mechanism of halogenation of alkanes.
Alkenes - Geometrical isomerism; Mechanism of electrophilic
addition: addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikoff’s
and peroxide effect); Ozonolysis, oxidation, and polymerization.
Alkynes - Acidic character; Addition of hydrogen, halogens,
water and hydrogen halides; Polymerization.
Aromatic hydrocarbons - Nomenclature, benzene - structure
and aromaticity; Mechanism of electrophilic substitution: halogenation,
nitration, Friedel – Craft’s alkylation and acylation, directive
influence of functional group in mono-substituted benzene.
Organic Compounds Containing Halogens
General methods of preparation, properties and reactions; Nature of C-X
bond; Mechanisms of substitution reactions.
Uses; Environmental effects of chloroform, iodoform, freons and DDT.
Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen
General methods of preparation, properties, reactions and uses.
ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS AND ETHERS
Alcohols: Identification of primary, secondary and tertiary
alcohols; mechanism of dehydration.
Phenols: Acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reactions:
halogenation, nitration and sulphonation, Reimer - Tiemann reaction.
Ethers: Structure.
Aldehyde and Ketones: Nature of carbonyl group;
Nucleophilic addition to >C=O group, relative reactivities of aldehydes
and ketones; Important reactions such as - Nucleophilic addition reactions
(addition of HCN, NH3 and its derivatives), Grignard reagent; oxidation;
reduction (Wolff Kishner and Clemmensen); acidity of ? - hydrogen, aldol
condensation, Cannizzaro reaction, Haloform reaction; Chemical tests to
distinguish between aldehydes and Ketones.
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
Acidic strength and factors affecting it.
Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen
General methods of preparation, properties, reactions and uses.
Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, basic
character and identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines
and their basic character.
Diazonium Salts: Importance in synthetic organic chemistry.
Polymers
General introduction and classification of polymers, general methods of
polymerization - addition and condensation, copolymerization; Natural
and synthetic rubber and vulcanization; some important polymers with emphasis
on their monomers and uses - polythene, nylon, polyester and bakelite.
Bio Molecules
General introduction and importance of biomolecules.
CARBOHYDRATES - Classification: aldoses and ketoses;
monosaccharides (glucose and fructose), constituent monosaccharides of
oligosacchorides (sucrose, lactose, maltose) and polysaccharides (starch,
cellulose, glycogen).
PROTEINS - Elementary Idea of ? - amino acids, peptide
bond, polypeptides; Proteins: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary
structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes.
VITAMINS - Classification and functions.
NUCLEIC ACIDS - Chemical constitution of DNA and RNA.
Biological functions of nucleic acids.
Chemistry in Everyday Life
Chemicals in medicines - Analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics,
disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids,
antihistamins - their meaning and common examples.
Chemicals in food - Preservatives, artificial sweetening
agents - common examples.
Cleansing agents - Soaps and detergents, cleansing action.
Principles Related to Practical Chemistry
- Detection of extra elements (N,S, halogens) in organic compounds;
Detection of the following functional groups: hydroxyl (alcoholic and
phenolic), carbonyl (aldehyde and ketone), carboxyl and amino groups
in organic compounds.
- Chemistry involved in the preparation of the following:
Inorganic compounds: Mohr’s salt, potash alum.
Organic compounds: Acetanilide, p-nitroacetanilide, aniline yellow,
iodoform.
- Chemistry involved in the titrimetric excercises - Acids bases and
the use of indicators, oxalic-acid vs KMnO4, Mohr’s salt
vs KMnO4.
- Chemical principles involved in the qualitative salt analysis:
Cations - Pb2+ , Cu2+, AI3+, Fe3+,
Zn2+, Ni2+, Ca2+, Ba2+,
Mg2+, NH4+.
Anions- CO32-, S2-, SO42-,
NO2-, NO3-, CI-, Br, I. (Insoluble
salts excluded).
- Chemical principles involved in the following experiments:
1. Enthalpy of solution of CuSO4
2. Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and strong base.
3. Preparation of lyophilic and lyophobic sols.
4. Kinetic study of reaction of iodide ion with hydrogen peroxide at
room temperature.
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