Friday, April 4, 2025
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PAPER-I
Section A
1. Silviculture - General:
General Silvicultural Principles: ecological and physiological factors influencing
vegetation, natural and artificial regeneration of forests; methods of propagation,
grafting techniques; site factors; nursery and planting techniques-nursery beds,
polybags and maintenance, water budgeting, grading and hardening of seedlings;
special approaches; establishment and tending.
2. Silviculture - Systems: Clear felling, uniform shelter wood selection, coppice
and conversion systems. Management of silviculture systems of temperate, subtropical,
humid tropical, dry tropical and coastal tropical forests with special reference
to plantation silviculture, choice of species, establishment and management
of standards, enrichment methods, technical constraints, intensive mechanized
methods, aerial seeding thinning.
3. Silviculture - Mangrove and Cold desert:
Mangrove: habitat and characteristics, mangrove, plantation-establishment and
rehabilitation of degraded mangrove formations; silvicultural systems for mangrove;
protection of habitats against natural disasters.
Cold desert: Characteristics, identification and management of species.
4. Silviculture of Trees: Traditional and recent advances in tropical silvicultural
research and practices. Silviculture of some of the economically important species
in India such as Acacia catechu, Acacia nilotica, Acacia auriculiformis, Albizzia
lebbeck, Albizzia procera, Anthocephalus Cadamba, Anogeissus latifolia, Azadirachta
indica, Bamboo spp, Butea monosperma, Cassia siamea, Casuarina equisetifolia,
Cedrus deodara, Chukrasia tabularis, Dalbergia sisoo, Dipterocarpus spp., Emblica
officindils, Eucalyptus spp, Gmelina Arborea, Hardwickia binata, Largerstroemia
Lanceolata, Pinus roxburghi, Populus spp, Pterocarpus marsupium, Prosopis juliflora,
Santalum album, Semecarpus anacardium,. Shorea robusta, Salmalia malabaricum,
Tectona grandis, Terminalis tomemtosa, Tamarindus indica.
Section B
1. Agroforestry, Social Forestry, Joint Forest Management and Tribology :
Agroforestry: scope and necessity; role in the life of people and domestic animals
and in integrated land use, planning especially related to (i) soil and water
conservation; (ii) water recharge; (iii) nutrient availability to crops; (iv)
nature and eco-system preservation including ecological blances through pest-predator
relationships and (v) providing opportunities for enhancing bio-diversity, medicinal
and other flora and fauna. Agro forestry systems under different agro-ecological
zones; selection of species and role of multipurpose trees and NTFPs, techniques,
food, fodder and fuel security. Research and Extension needs.
Social/Urban Forestry : objectives, scope and necessity; peoples participation.
JFM: principles, objectives, methodology, scope, benefits and role of NGOs.
Tribology: tribal scene in India; tribes, concept of races, principles of social
grouping, stages of tribal economy, education, cultural tradition, customs,
ethos and participation in forestry programmes.
2. Forest Soils, Soil Conservation and Watershed management:
Forests Soils: classification, factors affecting soil formation; physical, chemical
and biological properties.
Soil conservation: definition, causes for erosion; types - wind and water erosion;
conservation and management of eroded soils/areas, wind breaks, shelter belts;
sand dunes; reclamation of saline and alkaline soils, water logged and other
waste lands. Role of forests in conserving soils. Maintenance and build up of
soil organic matter, provision of loppings for green leaf manuring; forest leaf
litter and composting; Role of microorganisms in ameliorating soils; N and C
cycles, VAM.
Watershed Management: concepts of watershed; role of mini-forests and forest
trees in overall resource management, forest hydrology, watershed development
in respect of torrent control, river channel stabilization, avalanche and landslide
controls, rehabilitation of degraded areas; hilly and mountain areas; watershed
management and environmental functions of forests; water-harvesting and conservation;
ground water recharge and watershed management; role of integrating forest trees,
horticultural crops, field crops, grass and fodders.
3. Environmental Conservation and Biodiversity :
Environment: components and importance, principles of conservation, impact of
deforestation; forest fires and various human activities like mining, construction
and developmental projects, population growth on environment.
Pollution: types, global warming, green house effects, ozone layer depletion,
acid rain, impact and control measures, environmental monitoring; concept of
sustainable development. Role of trees and forests in environmental conservation;
control and prevention of air, water and noise pollution. Environmental policy
and legislation in India. Environmental Impact Assessment. Economics assessment
of watershed development vis-a-vis ecological and environmental protection.
4. Tree Improvement and Seed Technology:
General concept of tree improvement, methods and techniques, variation and its
use, provenance, seed source, exotics; quantitative aspects of forest tree improvement,
seed production and seed orchards, progeny tests, use of tree improvement in
natural forest and stand improvement, genetic testing programming, selection
and breeding for resistance to diseases, insects, and adverse environment; the
genetic base, forest genetic resources and gene conservation in situ and ex-situ.
Cost benefit ratio, economic evaluation.
PAPER II - Section A
1. Forest Management and Management Systems: Objective and principles; techniques;
stand structure and dynamics, sustained yield relation; rotation, normal forest,
growing stock; regulation of yield; management of forest plantations, commercial
forests, forest cover monitoring. Approaches viz., (i) site-specific planning,
(ii) strategic planning, (iii) Approval, sanction and expenditure, (iv) Monitoring
(v) Reporting and governance. Details of steps involved such as formation of
Village Forest Committees, Joint Forest Participatory Management.
2. Forest Working Plan: Forest planning, evaluation and monitoring tools and
approaches for integrated planning; multipurpose development of forest resources
and forest industries development; working plans and working schemes, their
role in nature conservation, bio-diversity and other dimensions; preparation
and control. Divisional Working Plans, Annual Plan of Operations.
3. Forest Mensuration and Remote Sensing: Methods of measuring - diameter, girth,
height and volume of trees; form-factor; volume estimation of stand, current
anuual increment; mean annual increment. Sampling methods and sample plots.
Yield calculation; yield and stand tables, forest cover monitoring through remote
sensing; Geographic Information Systems for management and modelling.
4. Surveying and Forest Engineering: Forest surveying - different methods of
surveying, maps and map reading. Basic principles of forest engineering. Building
materials and construction. Roads and Bridges; General principles, objects,
types, simple design and construction of timber bridges.
PAPER II - Section B
1. Forest Ecology and Ethnobotany :
Forest ecology - Biotic and aboitic components, forest eco-systems; forest community
concepts; vegetation concepts, ecological succession and climax, primary productivity,
nutrient cycling and water relations; physiology in stress environments (drought,
water logging salinity and alkalinity). Forest types in India, identification
of species, composition and associations; dendrology, taxonomic classification,
principles and establishment of herbaria and arboreta. Conservation of forest
ecosystems. Clonal parks, Role of Ethnobotany in Indian Systems of Medicine;
Ayurveda and Unani - Introduction, nomenclature, habitat, distribution and botanical
features of medicinal and aromatic plants. Factors affecting action and toxicity
of drug plants and their chemical constituents.
2. Forest Resources and Utilization :
Environmenatlly sound forest harvesting practices; logging and extraction techniques
and principles, transportation system, storage and sale; Non-Timber Forest Products
(NTFPs) definition and scope; gums, resins, oleoresins, fibres, oil seeds nuts,
rubber, canes, bamboos, medicinal plants, charcoal, lac and shellac, Katha and
Bidi leaves, collection; processing and disposal.
Need and importance of wood seasoning and preservation; general principles of
seasoning, air and kiln seasoning, solar dehumidification, steam heated and
electrical kilns. Composite wood; adhesives-manufacture, properties, uses, plywood
manufacture-properties, uses, fibre boards-manufacture properties, uses; particle
boards manufacture; properties uses. Present status of composite wood industry
in India in future expansion plans. Pulp-paper and rayon; present position of
supply of raw material to industry, wood substitution, utilization of plantation
wood; problems and possibilities.
Anatomical structure of wood, defects and abnormalities of wood, timber identification
- general principles.
3. Forest Protection & Wildlife Biology :
Injuries to forest - abiotic and biotic, destructive agencies, insect-pests
and disease, effects of air pollution on forests and forest die back. Susceptibility
of forests to damage, nature of damage, cause, prevention, protective measures
and benefits due to chemical and biological control. General forest protection
against fire, equipment and methods, controlled use of fire, economic and environmental
costs; timber salvage operations after natural disasters. Role of afforestation
and forest regeneration in absorption of CO2. Rotational and controlled grazing,
different methods of control against grazing and browsing animals; effect of
wild animals on forest regeneration, human impacts; encroachement, poaching,
grazing, live fencing, theft, shifting cultiation and control.
4. Forest Economics and Legislation :
Forest economics–fundamental principles, cost-benefit analyses; estimation
of demand and supply; analysis of trends in the national and international market
and changes in production and consumption patterns; assessment and projection
of market structures; role of private sector and co-operatives; role of corporate
financing. Socio-economic analyses of forest productivity and attitudes; valuation
of forest goods and service.
Legislation–History of forest development; Indian Forest Policy of 1894,
1952 and 1990. National Forest Policy, 1988 of People’s involvement, Joint
Forest Management, Involvement of women; Forestry Policies and issues related
to land use, timber and non-timber products, sustainable forest management;
industrialisation policies; institutional and structural changes. Decentralization
and Forestry Public Administration. Forest laws, necessity; general principles,
Indian Forest Act 1927; Forest Conservation Act, 1980; Wildlife Protection Act
1972 and their amendments; Application of Indian Penal Code to Forestry. Scope
and objectives of Forest Inventory.
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